[1] CCDA. (2020). Red Seal Program: Overview. Canadian Council of Directors of Apprenticeship. https:// www.red-seal.ca/eng/about/program.shtml.
[2] Chính phủ Việt Nam. (2025). Nghị định số 37/2025/NĐ CP về Thống nhất quản lí nhà nước về giáo dục nghề nghiệp.
[3] CICIC. (2016). Directory of educational institutions in Canada. Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials. https://www.cicic. ca/974/search_the_directory_of_educational_institutions.canada.
[4] CMEC. (2016). Education in Canada: An overview. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. https://www. cmec.ca/299/education-in-canada-an-overview/ index.html.
[5] CMEC & CICIC. (2016). Canada’s Education Systems. https://www.cicic.ca/docs/PTeducation/Canada s-Education-Systems-PDF.pdf.
[6] Federal Ministry of Justice. (2005). Berufsbildungsgesetz (BBiG) [Vocational Training Act]. Bundesministerium der Justiz. https://www. gesetze-im-internet.de/bbig_2005/.
[7] Employment and Social Development Canada. (2025). Find your skilled trade: The future is yours to make. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/ en/employment-social-development/campaigns/ skilled-trades.html.
[8] HRD Korea. (2022). National Competency Standards (NCS): Framework and utilization. Human Resources Development Korea. https://www. hrdkorea.or.kr/ENG/8/3.
[9] Kultusministerkonferenz (KMK). (2023). The education system in the Federal Republic of Germany 2023/2024. Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder. https:// www.kmk.org/fileadmin/Dateien/pdf/Eurydice/ Bildungswesen-engl.pdf.
[10] KMK. (2023). Basic structure of the education system in the Federal Republic of Germany. Kultusministerkonferenz. https://www.kmk.org/ dokumentation-statistik/bildungswesen-in- deutschland/basic-structure.html.
[11] MEXT. (2011). School system: Organization of the school system in Japan. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. https://www. mext.go.jp/component/english/__icsFiles/ afieldfile/2011/03/07/1303013_002.pdf.
[12] MEXT. (2023). Vocational education and training in Japan.https://www.mext.go.jp/en/publication/ whitepaper/index.htm.
[13] MEXT. (n.d.). Outline and characteristics of professional and vocational universities, etc. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. https:// www.mext.go.jp/en/policy/education/highered/ title02/detail02/1373918.html.
[14] MHLW. (2024). Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2024). Vocational Ability Evaluation. In White Paper on Human Resources Development (Chapter 6e). https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/wp/wp-hw17/ dl/06e.pdf.
[15] MOE Korea. (2023). Korean Education System. Ministry of Education Korea. https://english.moe.go.kr/sub/ infoRenewal.do?m=0301&page=0301&s=english.
[16] NIER. (2014). Survey on Specialized Training Colleges in Japan. National Institute for Educational Policy Research.
[17] OECD. (2009). OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: Japan 2009. OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education. OECD Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264039322-en.
[18] OECD. (2010). OECD reviews of vocational education and training: A learning for jobs review of Germany 2010. OECD Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264113800-en.
[19] OECD. (2019). OECD Economic Surveys: Japan 2019. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/content/ dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2019/04/oecd economic-surveys-japan-2019_ccac75f4/fd63f374 en.pdf.
[20] OECD. (2020). VET in a changing world. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/vet in-a-changing-world.pdf.
[21] OECD. (2020b). OECD skills strategy Germany: Assessment and recommendations. OECD Publishing. https:// doi.org/10.1787/9789264567443-en.
[22] OECD. (2021). OECD Skills Strategy Implementation Guidance for Korea: Strengthening the Governance of Adult Learning. OECD Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1787/f19a4560-en.
[23] OECD. (2021). Continuing education and training in Germany. OECD Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1787/1f552468-en.
[24] Quốc hội (2014). Luật Giáo dục Nghề nghiệp.
[25] Robson, K. L. (2019). Sociology of education in Canada. Pressbooks. https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/ robsonsoced/chapter/__unknown__-4/.
[26] Schleicher, A. (2018, March 13). How Japan’s Kosen schools are creating a new generation of innovators. OECD Education and Skills Today. https:// oecdedutoday.com/how-japans-kosen-schools are-creating-a-new-generation-of-innovators/.
[27] Statistics Canada. (2017). National Apprenticeship Survey: Canada overview report, 2015 (Catalogue No. 81 598-X). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan. gc.ca/n1/pub/81-598-x/81-598-x2017001-eng.pdf.
[28] UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2012). International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 2011. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000 219109. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/ 48 223/ pf0000216074.
[29] UNESCO-UNEVOC. (2018). TVET country profile: Republic of Korea. UNESCO-UNEVOC. https:// unevoc.unesco.org/pub/tvet_country_profile_ republic_of_korea.pdf.
[30] UNESCO-UNEVOC. (2020). World TVET Database: Country Profile – Republic of Korea. https://unevoc. unesco.org/wtdb/worldtvetdatabase_kor_en.pdf.
[31] World Bank. (2020). Vibrant Vietnam – Forging the Foundation of a High-Income Economy. World Bank Group. https://trungtamwto.vn/file/19432/ vibrant-vietnam-forging-the-foundation-of-a high-income-economy.pdf.